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Childhood trauma can leave scars that last long after the experiences themselves have ended. Its effects can reach into adult life, increasing the risk of mental illness, physical health problems and other difficulties.

Our latest research estimates that the health effects associated with adverse childhood experiences cost the equivalent of £7.8 billion in Wales and £115.6 billion in England in 2023. These figures represent 8.4% of Wales's gross domestic product (GDP) and 5% of England's.

These are not bills paid directly by governments. Instead, they put a monetary value on the burden of illness and premature death associated with childhood adversity, showing the scale of its potential effects on society.

Adverse childhood experiences are traumatic or highly stressful events. They include physical, verbal and sexual abuse, as well as experiences such as domestic violence, parental separation, or living with a family member who has mental health problems, misuses alcohol or drugs, or has been in prison.

Around half of adults in England and Wales report at least one such experience. About one in ten report four or more.

Research has consistently linked childhood adversity to poorer health and well-being in adulthood. People exposed to several types of adversity face greater risks of mental illness, chronic physical conditions and health-harming behavior, like smoking and harmful alcohol use. Childhood adversity has also been linked to poorer education and employment outcomes and a greater likelihood of involvement in violence.

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