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A kind attitude toward oneself and practicing mindfulness can improve functioning in individuals who experience severe premenstrual symptoms, according to a study by psychologists from SWPS University and Jagiellonian University.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its more severe form, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), cause distressing psychological and physical symptoms, including mood swings, fatigue, concentration difficulties, headaches and muscle pain. These ailments occur during the second phase of the menstrual cycle and interfere with daily functioning, affecting education, work, relationships and overall quality of life.

It is estimated that PMS affects approximately 20% to 30% of menstruating people, while PMDD impacts 3% to 8%. The scale of the problem is significant, yet the psychological factors that protect against the development of these symptoms have not been thoroughly investigated.

The study, published in "Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice," is part of a broader project analyzing potential mechanisms and factors that may protect against the onset of PMS and PMDD.

, a professor at the Institute of Psychology of the Jagiellonian University, analyzed factors that might protect against the onset of severe premenstrual symptoms. They examined variables such as the sense of coherence, mindfulness skills and self-compassion, and investigated their relationship with past trauma, perceived stress levels and symptoms of premenstrual disorders.

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