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To understand what goes wrong in the body, scientists must first know what right looks like. Salk Institute researchers are building a scientific reference, piece by piece, for what makes a body healthy. Their latest effort maps how exercise reshapes the body at the molecular level, examining responses across organs, cell types, sexes and circadian phases in mice.

The result is a first-of-its-kind molecular atlas spanning 22 tissues and integrating bulk RNA sequencing, metabolomics, proteomics, single-nucleus RNA sequencing and DNA methylation profiling. The researchers uncovered distinct responses to exercise that vary by tissue, cell type, sex and circadian phase.

By defining a healthy baseline, the atlas gives scientists a starting point to explore how tissues adapt to exercise, work toward more personalized exercise strategies and identify new molecules and pathways for further investigation.

It's no surprise that exercise is good for you—we hear it all the time. Exercise can make us resilient against disease and dysfunction, speed up recovery from illness and reduce mortality overall. In fact, studies have linked exercise to more than 30% lower all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.

Despite knowing all the good that exercise can do, scientists have had a hard time deciphering why. This question has been difficult to answer, in part because studies in humans are limited to blood and a few muscles. As a result, mouse models have become a popular tool for determining the molecular signatures of exercise.

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