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For the study, published in JAMA Network Open, the researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies that included data from close to 16 million study participants on three continents.

In a meta-analysis of observational studies, they found that ADHD is linked to higher rates of suicide and injury deaths, as well as a moderate increase in natural-cause mortality. But they found some evidence that this mortality risk is lower among people who take ADHD medication.

Senior author professor Joshua Stott (UCL Psychology and Language Sciences) said, "We have previously found that people with ADHD have reduced life expectancies, so here we are adding to our understanding of what drives this very concerning statistic.

"We found that people with ADHD face an increased risk not only of death by suicide and injury, but also of deaths by natural causes, adding to evidence that health inequalities faced by people with ADHD are broad and wide-ranging.

"ADHD is not by definition a life-limiting condition, as the right support and treatment can help people with ADHD to live long and healthy lives. Our findings underscore the importance of ensuring that everyone who may have ADHD has access to accurate diagnosis and treatment.

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