Building a human civilization on Mars will be orders of magnitude harder than any of the human migrations on Earth ever were. Here, you can build refuge anywhere, which is why our civilization is everywhere from pole to pole.

If we ever hope to live on the red planet, we must build with the red dirt right beneath our boots, a challenge that has long been thought to demand expensive, huge industrial machinery and nuclear plant-level power generation. Now, a team of researchers has unveiled a radical, low-energy alternative in which a crew could carry a tiny tube of dormant yeast from Earth, breed trillions of helper cells in a vat using Martian carbon dioxide and melted ground ice, and 3D print entire outposts using modest solar power.

The new approach, led by Jishen Qiu at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and detailed in a study published in Chem Circularity, uses the freezing Martian climate to its advantage. Instead of melting rock, the team created what they call a “Martian living building material” by blending sand with a water-based binder made of pig-derived gelatin and genetically modified yeast. When extruded and exposed to simulated Martian surface conditions—temperatures averaging minus 85 degrees Fahrenheit and an atmosphere roughly a hundred times thinner than Earth’s—the material freezes and dehydrates on its own.

The physical results are competitive with conventional construction products. The composite achieves an average compressive strength of about 12 megapascals, placing it alongside standard lightweight concrete, while its flexural strength—how well a material resists snapping under bending pressure—reaches 6 megapascals.

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