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OpenAI’s API Only Partly Matched ChatGPT’s Citations, Paper Finds via @sejournal, @MattGSouthern

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OpenAI’s API Only Partly Matched ChatGPT’s Citations, Paper Finds via @sejournal, @MattGSouthern

A paper tested whether Google results and OpenAI's API can stand in for ChatGPT's citations. They matched cited sites more often than the exact pages.

Google search results and OpenAI’s Responses API together found 26.2% of the pages ChatGPT cited in a preprint’s tests of the GPT-5.5 Instant setting. They found 48.7% of the sites behind those citations.

Figures in this paper were posted on Oct. 11 by researchers at the National University of Singapore and Xi’an Jiaotong University. It included four versions of ChatGPT, from GPT-5.2 Instant to GPT-5.5 Instant, along with the majority of data collection from March 29 through July 29, 2026. The two stand-ins were able to be queried without having to open ChatGPT; the researchers compared both stand-ins’ results for similarity to the pages cited by ChatGPT’s web app.

Researchers recorded the flow of data ChatGPT’s web application received during its writing process, by recording what was happening in their own signed-in sessions. In this data flow you can see the searches ChatGPT performed, which pages resulted from the searches and the pages ChatGPT chose to be sources. A page was counted as cited if ChatGPT selected it as a source; i.e., both pages that are individually listed as their own link and pages in groupings included as a single selection as a source.

There were 80 questions. These 80 questions originated from Search Arena. This is a public database of actual user interactions with search-enabled chatbots/AI models. There were two languages used in these 80 questions: 40 English and 40 Chinese.


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