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Study reveals subtle neuroimaging differences after late preterm birth

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Study reveals subtle neuroimaging differences after late preterm birth

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Late preterm (LP) birth, defined as delivery at 34–36 weeks of gestation, occurs during a period of rapid brain development. White matter expands substantially, while synapse formation, dendritic growth, cortical folding and brain surface expansion continue. Previous studies have reported mixed findings, leaving the long-term effects of being born several weeks early unclear.

Addressing this challenge, a research team was led by specially appointed Professor Akemi Tomoda from the Research Center for Child Mental Development at the University of Fukui, Japan, alongside doctoral student Ryoko Yoshinare, Assistant Professor Masatoshi Yamashita and Professor Yoshifumi Mizuno from the same institution.

Using data from the U.S.-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, the researchers compared 1,093 LP birth children with 8,984 full-term (FT) birth children aged 9–11 years. They examined behavioral and emotional problems, cognitive function, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI.

The longitudinal analysis found no broad LP–FT differences in behavioral and emotional problems, most cognitive outcomes, cortical thickness, cortical surface area or resting-state functional connectivity.

Structural MRI identified group differences in six regional brain volumes: the left postcentral, right fusiform, right middle temporal, right pars orbitalis, right supramarginal and right insular regions. However, these measures showed no significant timepoint or group-by-timepoint effects after false discovery rate correction.

The clearest differences emerged from DTI , which assesses diffusion properties of brain tissue.


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